单项选择题

1、 根据下面资料，回答题

On the evening before All Saints' Day in 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg. In those days a thesis was simply a _____36_____ one wanted to argue. Today a doctoral thesis is both an idea and an _____37_____ of a period of original research. Writing one is the aim of the hundreds of thousands of students who _____38_____ on a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) every year.

In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is an introduction to the world of independent research-a kind of _____39_____ masterpiece, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a supervisor. The requirements to complete one vary _____40_____ between countries, universities and even subjects. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a master's degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will pay their own way. Some PhDs_____41_____ only research, some require classes and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A thesis can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or man hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their early 20s or world-weary forty-somethings.

One thing many PhD students have in common is _____42_____. Some describe their work as "slave labour". Seven-day-weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain prospects are widespread. Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be _____43_____ problems with the system that produces research doctorates (the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value), There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is designed as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is unrelated to the number of job openings. Meanwhile, business leaders _____44_____ about shortages of high-level skills, suggesting PhDs are not teaching the right things. The fiercest critics _____45_____ research doctorates to Ponzi or pyramid schemes.

A．account

B．acquirements

C．aggressively

D．cognitive

E．compare

F．complain

G．contain

H．dissatisfaction

I．embark

J．enormously

K．genetic

L．genuine

M．intellectual

N．involve

O．position

第36题答案为（）

2、Questions are based on the following passage.

For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, U.S. government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have

(36)_____such as tax-free interest. Some may even be (37)_____Corporate bonds are a bit more risky._____

Two questions often (38) _____ first-time corporate bond investors. The first is "If I purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?" The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on (39)_____securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you're not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond, For example, if your bond does not have (40)_____that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a (41)_____, i.e., a priceless than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally (42)_____ inversely (相反地)with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然). Thus,

" like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk.

The second question is "How can I (43)_____the investment risk of a particular bond issue?" Standard& Poor's and Moody's Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And (44)_____ , the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investor will invest in a bond considered risky only if the (45)_____return is high enough.

A． advantages

B． assess

C． bother

D． conserved

E． deduction

F． discount

G． embarrass

H． features

I． fluctuate

J． indefinite

K． insured

L． major

M．naturally

N．potential

O．simultaneously

第36题应填______

3、根据以下内容回答题

Apps Designed for Distracted Drivers英语六级听力技巧

A． Marry Williams recalls the conversations he and his wife would have with their two daughters about the dangers of talking and texting while driving．．"It's always a concern," said Williams． "We just drilled it into their heads over and over until they said 'Okay, we get it,' and when we saw something [about the dangers of drivers texting] on TV we made sure they saw it, too．"

B． Parents like Williams have good reason to worry． Half of teens say they tall on a cell phone while driving, a third say they swap text messages, and almost half say they've been a passenger in a vehicle with a teen driver whose phone use put them at risk, according to federal statistics． Teen drivers are more likely to get into a fatal crash than anyone under the age of 80, in part because their brains are still developing the system that evaluates risk．

C． These days, however, there's an app for that, several of them, in fact． There are apps that prevent mobile-device use while driving, and some of them alert parents or employers when a user tries to beat the system．They've emerged on the market as alarm grows over the carnage caused by distracted driving．

D． More than 3,300 people die and 420,000 are injured annually in crashes attributed to distracted drivers． But those numbers may be low because, other than a driver's admission of fault, it's a challenge to prove that distraction caused a crash． Among all drivers involved in fatal crashes, teens were the most likely to have been distracted, National Highway Traffic Administration data show． "They feel invincible," said Jurek Grabowski, director of research at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety． "They have large social networks and they want to stay in contact with them．"

E． Conversations on the go, texting, surfing the Internet and taking selfies (自拍) are such a habit among teens that studies show they underestimate the risk． Teens make up a significant percentage of the approximately 660,000 drivers who are having phone conversations or manipulating electronic devices while driving at any given moment during daylight hours in the United States． And most teenagers who chat, text or surf while driving are breaking the law． The District and 37 states--including Maryland and Virginia--ban novice drivers from talking on the phone while driving． The three local jurisdictions (管辖区) and 41 other states bar all drivers from sending and receiving text messages while driving． But respect for those laws is similar to that given the speed limit．

F． "We need to almost turn this thing into a brick," David Coleman said recently, holding up his cell phone while sitting in a Bowie Starbucks． "It can't just be about texting． It has to be about e-mail, Facebook and no inappropriate calls．" Coleman is marketing director for Louisiana-based Cellcontrol, one of several companies competing for the chance to shut down people's mobile devices while they're driving． Most of the companies that sell cell phone service--Verizon, AT&T, Sprint and others--also provide apps that can limit access．

G． Many of the apps are triggered when a GPS sensor detects that a vehicle is in motion, and some—such as AT&T's DriveMode---will alert parents or employers when the app has been turned off or disabled．Independent experts consider that a feature buyers should look for． "Especially for younger drivers． As clever as you can be, they will be more clever," said Leo McCloskey, a tech specialist for the Intelligent Transportation Society of America． "The best way to do it is to integrate the device with the vehicle so that you could have more precise control．"

H． That precise control means that parents or employers can select the features they want to allow their drivers to use and block those that worry them． "It's important to have a solid oversight function so that use can be monitored by a fleet (车队) manager or parent," said Russ Rader of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety． "Cellcontrol is one of the better, most complete systems． TeenSafer is another one that we've looked at that works pretty well．．These products are going to be the most useful for fleet operators and for parents trying to control phone use by their driving teens． Both Cellcontrol and TeenSafer will report attempts to disrupt the system．"

I． Businesses that send fleets of cars, vans or trucks onto the streets have shown increasing interest in those products, as juries have issued multimillion-dollar rewards to those injured or killed by distracted drivers who were on the job．

J． Systems integrated into the vehicle are triggered when the car or truck begins to move． "We're not guessing based on a satellite, we're depending on the vehicle to tell us," said Cellcontrol's Coleman as he spent a morning demonstrating his company's product in Prince George's County． "Otherwise, how do I know you're not on a Greyhound bus or on a plane that has landed and is taxiing (滑行) to the gate?"

K． Cellcontrol provides two options for connecting to a vehicle． One is a device the size of an E-Zpass transponder (电子收费应答器) that is glued to the windshield with the same adhesive material used to secure rearview mirrors． The more sophisticated choice plugs in to a vehicle's diagnostic computer port． The $129-system works with iPhones, Androids, BlackBerrys and Windows Mobile．

L． The system involves an app that is downloaded to the phone of the driver--teenager or employee． The key to the system is software that can be installed on a home computer, tablet or mobile device that allows an authorized person--parent or boss--to customize what the driver is permitted to do, and to monitor compliance (遵从)． "We're not blocking the signal, we're allowing a protective policy to be brought into the device," he said． "The administrator has the option to make the policy as restrictive as possible, or not．" For example, phone use could be restricted to a hands-free device． Or calls could be restricted to an emergency number or a parent or office． Or parents could attempt to mandate (命令) that all passengers in the car driven by their teenager download the app． "You could decide this is the kids' car and we don't want a stupid sitting in the passenger's seat showing the driver YouTube videos," Coleman said．

M． Coleman demonstrated how his phone was pre-programmed to go into safe mode when he drove, but when handed to a passenger it was fully operative． A second phone he brought along went into safe mode when the car was moving, regardless of whether it was in his hands or those of a passenger． Acknowledging that parents are dealing with a technology-savvy (精通科技的) generation and that employers exist in a technologically smart world, Coleman said, "We've built in some traps and fail-safes (故障安全装置) to notify the parent or employer．"

N． McCloskey said that companies like Cellcontrol that provide integrated services are "where we need to go．" "The operating system of the phone itself can interact with the operating system of the vehicle in such a way that services can be authorized, services can be presented, and services can be consumed all in a safe and predictable manner," McCloskey said．

O． Although he is concerned about distracted driving, McCloskey thinks it as a relatively short-term problem．"In the medium to long term, as autonomous vehicles really start making a mark, all this goes away as a concern," he said．

The deaths and injuries caused by distracted driving may be underestimated due to the difficulty to identify the role of distraction in an accident．

4、

Questions are based on the following passage.

Basic health interventions may significantly reduce deaths among young children with sickle cell anemia ( 镰状细胞血症) The illness causes the body to produce sickle or disc shaped red blood cells making it difficult for them to (36)_________oxygen from the lungs． The number of newborns with the inherited blood disease is increasing, (37)_________in sub-Saharan Africa.

A new study in PLOS Medicine says by 2050 over 400-thousand babies will be born every year with sickle cell anemia  Sherry Webb is given an (38)_________ for pain relief by a nurse at the Sickle Cell Center in Truman Medical Center, Wednesday, March 7, 2007 in Kansas City． Pain management is vital in the care of patients (39)_________ from Sickle Cell disease． That's an increase of about 100-thousand per year． Most of those births will occur in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo and India  The three countries (40)_________for 75 percent of sickle cell newborns in 2010． Dr． Frederic Piel led the research by the University of Oxford in Kenya .

"It's a genetic disorder and if you (41)_________one copy of the gene from one of your parents, you don't have any symptoms and you're called a (42)_________or a heterozygote individual． If you inherit two copies from your parents, then you have sickle cell anemia, which is quite.

(43)_________and lethal in countries where there is no treatment (44)_________," he said .

It was initially limited to malaria endemic areas, but because of population (45)_________it's now common in many other parts of the world So this is clearly a global burden and it's going to increase．

A．accounted

B．inherit

C．several

D．available

E．enlargement

F．transport

G．experiment

H．carder

I．suffering

J．send

K．injection

L．possible

M．movement

N．especially

O．severe

第36题应填________

简答题

5、电话作为一种便利的通讯工具，在日常工作中有着广泛的应用。人们可以通过电话粗略判断对方的人品、性格。因此，礼貌得体的打电话方法是非常必要的。当给某人打电话，若一接通，听到的是对方亲切、优美的招呼声，心里一定会很愉快。不仅双方对话能顺利展开，也会对该人有较好的印象。所以打电话时要保持良好的心情，抱着“对方看着”的心态去应对。这样即使对方看不见你，也能被你欢快的语调所感染。

6、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic College Students Joining the Army: A Win-Win Choice． You can illustrate your point: why college students" taking part in the army is a win-win choice and finally encourage them to be a serviceman． You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words．

7、世界文化遗产——龙门石窟(Longmen Grottoes)，是我国三大佛教石窟艺术宝库之一。龙门石窟自北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳开始动工，历经400多年的雕刻。现存窟龛2300多个，雕像10万余尊，碑刻题记30多万字。龙门石窟以大量的实物形象和文字资料从不同侧面反映了中国古代政治、经济、宗教、文化等许多领域的发展变化，对中国石窟艺术的创新和发展做出了重大贡献。

8、中国古代兵器(ancient Chinese weapons)指的是在中国古代从史前时期直到清朝末年，也就是到1840年鸦片战争为止这个历史阶段里，中国古代军队、民间使用的各种兵器和总的装备情况。中国古代兵器多达成百上千种，它们的大小形状各不相同，具有刺、砍、砸等功能。在功夫高手的手中，它们都是致命的武器。人类很多发明是伴随着兵器的发展而来。从兵器的制作技术和装饰艺术，可以看到人类文明的演进与不同地区的文化特色。

9、现在大家都在讨论云计算(cloud computing)，这意味着利用互联网的远程计算的发展。这对于中小型企业来说是好消息，因为基于云计算的系统为他们提供了大量的工具，能够为其节省成本，降低维修的次数。同许多技术创新一样，云计算的应用遇到了传统的系统和设想(traditional system and patterns of design)的阻碍。在发达国家，大多数企业已经拥有依赖于传统硬件、软件和常规的工作方式的基础设施。而在发展中国家，政府和研究机构很希望鼓励应用价格便宜的技术。

10、瑜伽有着六千多年的历史，起源于印度。古代的瑜伽信徒发展了瑜伽体系，他们深信通过运动身体和调控呼吸完全可以控制心智和情感(control one’s mind and emotions)，保持身体长久的健康。瑜伽姿势大部分来源于模仿动物的姿态，达到锻炼身心的效果。瑜伽不同于体操和舞蹈，也不同于一般的有氧练习。只有当呼吸、意识和姿势结合成一体(breathing，mind and posture get into one)时，才是真正的瑜伽练习。可以说，瑜伽不仅仅是一种运动方式．也是一种生活态度。