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World's Nonsmokers Take up Fight for Cleaner Air

In country after country, talk of nonsmokers' rights is in the air. Thisfresh voice is heard from Australia to Sweden. Its force is freeing clean airfor nonsmokers—and tightening the situation for smokers.

In west Germany, for instance, taxi drivers—known for theirindependence—post signs saying "Nicht Raucher"(nonsmoker) and may refusepassengers who insist on smoking. . . Bans in Poland prevent smoking infactories, offices, snack bars, and other public places. . . And Venezuelans canbe fined $ 230 to $ 1,000 for smoking in supermarkets, buses, and numerous otherplaces. Many countries also are moving in step to limit tobacco promotion(despite a 7 percent jump in world tobacco production last year) and eliminatethe "false claims of the glorification(美化) of smoking as a habit.. . " says Jeande Moerloose of the United Nations World Health Organization.

While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking abuse. Many lawshave been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, orto cut cigarette consumption.

In many developing nations, however, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign ofeconomic progress—and is even encouraged.

"While it appears that in developed countries the consumption of cigaretteshas become stabilized, there are some indications that it is still rising at asteady pace in Latin America," says Dr. Daniel J. Joly, an adviser to the PanAmerican Health Organization.

Despite progress in segregating (隔离) nonsmokers and smokers, most countriessee little change in the number of smokers. In fact, there is a jump in thenumber of girls and young women starting to smoke.

As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gainnew smokers in developing countries. For example, great efforts are made by theAmerican tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and NorthAfrica—where U. S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent last year,according the U. S. Foreign Agriculture Service. So far, any cooperation betweentobacco interests and governments' campaigns against smoking has been in thearea of tobacco advertising.

Restrictions on cigarette ads, plus health warnings on packages and bans onpublic smoking in certain places, are the most popular tools used by nations insupport of nonsmokers or in curbing ( 限制) smoking.

But world attention also is focusing on other steps which will:

—make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about hishabit by publicizing public awareness of the decline of social acceptability ofsmoking.

(This method is receiving strong support in the U. S. and other countries.)

—prevent pro-smoking scenes on television and films.

—remove cigarette vending machines.

—provide support for those who want to kick the habit of smoking.

—make it illegal to sell or hand over tobacco products to minors andprohibit smoking in meeting places for young people.

—boost cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes—and use the money forantismoking campaigns.

At a June UN conference on smoking, a goal set by Sir George E. Godber,chairman of the expert committee on smoking and health for the World HealthOrganization, stated: " We may not have eliminated cigarette smoking completelyby the end of this century, but we ought to have reached a position whererelatively few addicts still use cigarettes, but only in private at most in thecompany of consenting adults. " NATIONS ATTEMPT SOLUTIONS

Here are brief sketches of major or unique attempts around the world toinsure nonsmokers' right to smoke-free air and to help smokers quit.

SWEDEN

An ambitious, concerted plan to raise a nation of nonsmokers is beingimplemented by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.

Swedish children born after 1975 will grow up in environments that will benonsmoking and antismoking as much as possible. General cigarette consumptionwill cut from 1,700 cigarettes a year per person to 1920 level of under 300cigarettes a year, according to the 25-year plan.

A campaign to restrict tobacco advertising, raise cigarette prices to over$ 2 a pack, remove cigarette vending machines by 1979, ban pro-smoking contentin films and television programs, restrict public smoking, and give intensiveantismoking education in schools and the military, will promote the goal of asociety which "should be so unfavorable toward smoking that smoking could notarise once again as a major factor harmful to public health. "

By Swedish law, life-insurance premiums (保险费 ) are lowered for nonsmokers.WEST GERMANY

An image-reversing advertising campaign began a few years ago in WestGermany whereby it is the nonsmoker who is shown to be living the swinging lifepreviously claimed by the cigarette addict.

A government-sponsored program to warn the public about the dangers ofsmoking includes an attempt to encourage consideration of the nonsmoker at workand in public places. Tobacco television ads were stopped in 1973.

But there are no firm plans at the federal level to ban smoking in publicplaces, although it is being considered as a legislative proposal. Healthexperts say that the legally required warning on cigarette packages in theUnited States has not helped. Hence there are strong doubts about strict laws inthe whole area of smoking. The governing idea here is to encourage considerationof others. But this angle of attack (moral persuasion) does not rule outlegislation. In two of Germany's 11 states there are laws to protect publicemployees who do not smoke from their smoking fellow workers. "Smoke breaks" areused to separate the smokers and nonsmokers.

"The nonsmoker today is just as much or more respected than the smoker. "Says one health official, "and this is a success in itself. " GREAT BRITAIN

A television advertising ban in 1965, a health warning on tobacco packagesbegun in 1971, a 20 percent price rise on cigarettes in 1974, and a constantcampaign to isolate pubic smoking in airlines, trains, and other public placeshave fuelled a forceful antismoking and nonsmokers' program in Britain.

In Ireland, an advertising code bans ads emphasizing the pleasure ofsmoking, featuring conventional heroes of the young as smokers, or implying thatit is less harmful to smoke one brand than another.

UNITED STATES

U. S. airlines are subject to $ 1,000 fines for failing to provide a smokefree seat for any passenger who wants one. The Interstate Commerce Commissionhas made "no smoking" the rule, rather than the exception, on all interstatepassenger trains and buses. The Military segregates smokers and no longerdistributes cigarette in C rations.

A growing number of restaurants now offer separate areas for nonsmokers. Aban on television and radio cigarette ads, health warnings and restrictions onpublic smoking in many states and cities make the United States a participant inworld nonsmoking and antismoking efforts. The number of U. S. nonsmokers isrising as well.

1. With the world's efforts, more and more smokers have realized theharmful effect of smoking on environment.

2. 30 countries have introduced legislation to restrict smoking, thoughlittle has been done in most other countries.

3. The total number of smokers decreases while the number of female smokersincreases in most countries.

4. Smokers in Latin America consume more cigarettes than in developedcountries.

5. The improved economic situation in developing countries is theexplanation of the rising number of smokers there.

6. Both Sweden and Great Britain raised cigarette prices to control thetobacco consumption.

7. The increasing number of nonsmokers in U. S. is the evidence to showthat the U. S. antismoking campaign has been successful.英语四级考试

8. Tobacco companies are now getting more profit in______than before.

9. People aboard any flight in U. S. can get a

10. In West Germany, consideration of nonsmokers is ______ in the campaignagainst smoking.

答案：1. NG 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. N 6. Y 7. Y 8. in developing countries 9. smokefree seat 10. encouraged