长难句一直是考研英语需攻克的一大重难点，是一座颇有难度攀爬的高山，考生要想征服它就必须要下苦工，多背多看多读多记多思多总结，下面是新东方网考研频道精选的120个长难句，相信大家熟读理解他们，离高山顶端也不远了。

1. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

2. This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.

3. This overlooked the fact that the poor nations now can borrow the technologies of more developed nations, some of which will be readily adaptable to their own environments, and improve their techniques of production very rapidly.

4. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions.

5. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

6. We have enriched our lives by creating physical mobility through the motor-car, the jet aeroplane, and other means of mechanical transport; and we have added to our intellectual mobility by the telephone, radio, and television.

7. He extends his own energies by the generation and transmission of power and his nervous system and his thinking and decision –making faculties through automation.

8. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

9. Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a great capacity for sympathy, a capacity to understand the minds and feelings of other people and, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, the minds and feelings of children.

10. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

11. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

12. Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a coalition of merchants and nobility who favored self-rule and sought to elevate legislative authority at the expense of the executive.

13. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant –not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the weaknesses and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.

14. Proponents believe that may permanently change the baby's structure, functioning and metabolism, setting it up to be more vulnerable than normal to the development in adulthood of heart disease and related disorders such as high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes.

15. Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of arts that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.

16. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

17. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

18. Few changes in the domestic American economy in the postwar period appear to me to be as significant and as inadequately recognized, particularly by national policy makers, as those changes—heavily influenced by technology—which increasingly bind the domestic economy to the rest of the world, and make it a more independent sub-element of a larger and more powerful economic system.

19. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

20. In a critique published this week in The Lancet medical journal, scientists conclude that the reported link between low birth weight and higher blood pressure later in life, an early cornerstone of the theory, may not be as strong as previously thought.

21. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage.

22. For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man.

23. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.

24. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.

25. In 1993, there was an explosion in a population of rodents in southwestern United States that spread hantavirus syndrome, a lung infection, after a drought that killed off the rodents' predators was quickly followed by heavy rains that expanded the rats' food supply.

26. She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they’ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使不突出)their visibility.”

27. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature."

28. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.

29. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.

30. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.

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31. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climatechange, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.

32. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people thanever before, and that, in many cases, being over-weight correlates with anincreased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.

33. Science fiction is not only change speculator but change agent, sendingan echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculptingit.

34. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and makingdecisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatestdifficulties in predicting the impact on society.

35. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it couldcreate a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

36. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish fora successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those whoparticipated or to answer even the most basic questions one might poseconcerning the social origins of the insurgents.

37. Yet Walzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the mostserious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positionsthose people who, however legitimately they have earned their material rewards,often lack those important qualities which evoke affection or admiration.

38. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions todevelop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must leadthe charge.

39. The theory, known as the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis,postulates that when a fetus is undernourished, it diverts resources to areas itreally needs at the time, such as the brain, at the expense of organs it willneed later in life, such as the lungs.

40. Whether the productivity gains that result from new industries based onnew technology are properly reflected in the indices we use to measureproductivity or not, each of these industries has given us a quantum jump inproductivity, no matter how you choose to define it.

41. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with across-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctively important social science.

42. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness ofhis friend, Henry Tailor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying withhim in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed foran indisposition of Mrs Carlyle’s.

43. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by thespraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population offlowering plant species still remains unanswered.

44. President Bush, in a June 11 speech on global climate change, describedas "fatally flawed" the 1997 treaty negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, by the UnitedStates and other industrial countries but later rejected by the BushAdministration.

45. Given the great expense of conducting such experiments with propercontrols, and the limited promise of experiments performed thus far, it isquestionable whether further experiments in this area should even beconducted.

46. One of the first measures proposed by president Franklin D .Rooseveltwhen he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which wassubsequently passed by Congress.

47. As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity ofthe problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of differentdisciplines made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist todeal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment required forcarrying out research accurately and efficiently.

48. If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineeringcurriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving are notprovided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring inadvanced engineering systems.

49. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind ofdifference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of anordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or ofa butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of achemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balanceand finely graded weights.

50. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in theother, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; butthat the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate inits measurement than the former.

51. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day hadoccasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through intracing the causes of natural phenomena.

52. The patients attending the out-patients departments of our hospitalsfeel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able tocarry home with them some tangible remedy in the form of a bottle of medicine, abox of pills or a small jar of ointment.

53. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving themwhat they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services areover-worked and have little time for offering time-consuming andlittle-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living and the needfor abandoning bad habits, etc, the bottle, the box and the jar are almostalways granted them.

54. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness ofhis friend, Henry Tailor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying withhim in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed foran indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle’s.

55. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocketcontained, of the nature of illness from which his friend was suffering, and ofwhat had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked sowell in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, andcomforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastenedto Henry Tailor’s house.

56. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be aboutfuture technologies, many SCIENCE FICTION writers exhibit an implicitconservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections are eitherignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical socialsystems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future.

57. The underlying assumption of every kind of government by wisers andbetters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, butmust have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such agovernment treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basisof their having no rights that the government must take into account.

58. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see thatthere is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis forpreservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack onpreservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any,criticism of those who have robbed the natural world.

59. Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behindand never closed their parents’ eyelids in death, and who have experienced theadditional distance from death provided by two world wars are today pushing awayfrom them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the tremendoussignificance – for the future – of the way we live our lives.

60. Acceptance of the inevitability of death, which, when faced, can givedignity to life, and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world,might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices, taking the rightprecautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility, whichennobles the whole face rather than furrowing the forehead with little wrinklesof worry.

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61. Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended toaccelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away fromdirectly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger,growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.

62. SCIENCE FICTION can provide students interested in the future with abasic introduction to the concept of thinking about possible futures in aserious way, a sense of the emotional forces in their own culture that areaffecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolationsregarding the results of present trends.

63. There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuableas a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and insocial science courses in general-the story which presents well-worked-out,detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader.

64. In performing this “what if…” function, SCIENCE FICTION can act as asocial laboratory as authors ruminate upon the forms social relationships couldtake if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what newbelief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basicrationalizations for human activities.

65. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of theways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamentalchanges, then SCIENCE FICTION of this type may provoke one’s imagination toconsider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.

66. That is, SCIENCE FICTION has always had a certain cybernetic effect onsociety, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the masspublic regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.

67. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be aboutfuture technologies, many SCIENCE FICTION writers exhibit an implicitconservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections are eitherignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical socialsystems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future.

68. Most SCIENCE FICTION authors have found it as hard as most othermortals to extrapolate social mores different from those operating within theirown milieu, so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader forfuture shock, SCIENCE FICTION is a literature that comfortably and smuglyreassures him that the future will not be radically different from thepresent.

69. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument thatis convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions onwhich it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincingthough imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlyingassumptions.

70. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by customin shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which hecan affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary ofhis mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are takenup into the language of his family.

71. But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that thefostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the importantquestion becomes this: can we gather a way, from the Chinese and Americanextremes, a superior way, perhaps striking a better balance between creativityand basic skills?

72. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life isbased in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in politicalactivities, fighting, and so on, is not very dissimilar from the moresophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, eventhough it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

73. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by thespraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population offlowering plant species still remains unanswered.

74. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study ofthe kinds of works discussed in this section.

75. The explosion of a bomb in the streets of a city whose name no one hadever heard before may set in motion forces which end up by ruining one’scarefully planned education in law school, half a world away.

76. These questions are political in the sense that the debate over themwill inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit ofdisinterested(公正的，没有私利的) inquiry than an academic power struggle in which thecareers and professional fortunes of many women scholars –only now entering theacademic profession in substantial numbers—are at stake, and with them thechances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, acontribution that might serve as an important influence against increasingsexism in our society of fundamental, unparalleled change.

77. But the plight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and whenhe sees that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into chaos anddestroy the most glorious civilization the world has ever known, he feels thatit is high time for men of good sense and good will to intervene and to takepolitics out of the hands of the plutocrats of the Right and the woolly-mindedidealists of the Left.

78. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large andimportant enough to arouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fromits foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the mostordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.

79. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to bedisputed or where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupyhumanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history soremarkable.

80. Interest in historical methods has risen less through externalchallenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more frominternal quarrels among historians themselves.

81. While historians once revered its affinity to literature andphilosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunitiesfor asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understandingof the past.

82. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governedby the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of thecontemporary world.

83. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented byadditional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of historicalevidence in the historical study.

84. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the conceptspeculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriateto the various branches of historical inquiry.

85. The fallacy applies equally to traditional historians who view historyas only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social sciencehistorians who equate their activities with specific techniques.自考本科可以考研吗

86. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as hisprimary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) wayabout moral problems.

87. Whether to use tests，other kinds of information, or both in aparticular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experienceconcerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost andavailability.

88. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to bemeasured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to bemeasured or predicted cannot be well defined. Tests do not compensate for grosssocial inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngstermight have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

89. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economicdecline----after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late'80s---and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least amongthe middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons forseeking to simplify our lives.

90. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in theclassroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing forcomputers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educationalreform.

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91. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction –indeed, contradiction – which goes to the heart of what is wrong with thecampaign to put computers in the classroom.

92. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is atechnical education, justified for reasons radically different from whyeducation is universally required by law.

93. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all childrenare legally required to attend school into their teens.

94. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons forbringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasizethe job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

95. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be theway to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be thedifference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using anycomputer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance topick up various software programs.

96. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisableto find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched andunreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years tocome they may be regarded as normal.

97. It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as“hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewherein between.

98. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise inthe future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards ofelegance.

99. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerfulcomputers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the mostelementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

100. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-basedeconomy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularlythe Industrial Revolution.

101. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as hisprimary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) wayabout moral problems.

102. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, firstby asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally bysuggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moralinformation which he has obtained.

103. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept theobligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course ofreasoning which led him to his decision.

104. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to asintellectuals----the average scientist for one. I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, hehas not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects ofthose problems.

105. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everydayperformance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments,manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.

106. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, whichgoverns his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate hisenergies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of hiswalking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes hisethics.

107. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are huge andimportant enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fromits foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the mostordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.

108. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different culturesand traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent isno easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs inEurope for Europe.

109. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandrytechnique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such anexperiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panelof experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to theWhite House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on humancloning.

110. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has beenworking feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May,members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

111. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for humancloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBACmembers are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid newrestrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routinein molecular biology.

112. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 Maymeeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that itwould be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adultnuclear cloning.

113. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government fundingfor any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because currentfederal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (theearliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowinglyendanger an embryo’ s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

114. For example, ALH84001 has been on earth for 13,000 years, suggestingto some scientists that its PAH’s might have resulted form terrestrialcontamination.

115. Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH84001, whichscientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidencethat life once existed on Mars.

116. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in1871 when—following a dispute between the House and the Senate over whichchamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making oftreaties with Native American tribes.

117. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formaltribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not astreaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simplyas legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.

118. This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interestsdifferent from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own researchreveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her sons’ interests,taking their goals as her own.

119. Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology(IT)—defined as any form of computer-based information system—focused onspectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’spotential as a resource for creating competitive advantage.

120. The findings support the notion, founded in resource-based theory,that competitive advantages do not arise from easily replicated resources, nomatter how impressive or economically valuable they may be, but from complex,intangible resources.

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