(1) that型

1. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic trail that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.

更加令人担忧的是，使用电子支付方式会留下电子痕迹，这些痕迹包含大量个人购买习惯的数据。

2. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

这些劳动者是诸如英国、加拿大以及澳大利亚等国试图通过移民规则来吸引的人才，这些国家的移民规则给大学毕业生以优待。

3. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。

4. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

5. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

这在一开始就将问题引向极端，它让人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么象对待人类自身那样去关怀，要么完全冷漠无情。

(2) which型

1. Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

因此，人类学中的“文化”就象数学中的“集”一样，是一个抽象概念，这种抽象概念使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

2. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start.

西弗吉尼亚州的民主党参议院罗伯特•比尔德提议向私营产业提供财政刺激，这一提案是一个有希望的开端。

3. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, …

而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，…

4. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter, we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.

现在，既然对智力的评估是比较性的，那么，在对我们的对象进行比较时，所采用的尺度就应当是“有效的”或“公平的”。

(3) who, whom, whose型自考生考研

1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.

我将其定义为这样一个人：他以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题，并将此当作人生的主要责任和乐趣。

2. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

在另一层面上，许多医学界人士承认，关于辅助自杀的争论的升温的部分原因在于病人的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学事实上延长了临终前身体的痛苦。

3. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictable, into a lack of sales.

宁说：“因为这个工作不是我的兴趣所在，所以这的确是糟糕的一步。”结果可想而知，他的这一矛盾心理导致他的销售业绩不佳。

4. Realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen.

现实的乐观主义者是那些把发生的事情做到最好的人。

5. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.

加入公司想在困难时期留住独立董事，就必须提供经济激励。

(4) where型

1. Most of the prospective graduate students wish to enter a satisfactory university where they can not only find exciting life but also improve themselves on academics works.

大部分研究生考试希望进入一个令人满意的学校，这个学校不但有激动人心的生活，还能使自己的学术能力得到提升。

2. Some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.

一些法庭开始支持被告方，尤其是在那些警告标签也无济于事的案件中。