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Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. (TPO40, 51)

democracy /dɪ'mɒkrəsɪ/ n. 民主，民主政治，民主制度

clan /klæn/ n. 宗族，家族;集团，帮会

aristocrat /'ærɪstəkræt/ n. 贵族

civic /'sɪvɪk/ adj. 城市的;市民的，公民的

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解报名

Cleisthenes' principal contribution (to the creation of democracy at Athens) was (to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures), (especially among the aristocrats), and (to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes), (which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) (TPO40, 51)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的结构是：

Cleisthenes' principal contribution was 非谓语 and 非谓语

第一个非谓语：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures)

第二个非谓语：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes)

修饰一：(to the creation of democracy at Athens)，介词短语

中文：在雅典创造民主

修饰二：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures) ，非谓语动词

中文：完成了减弱家族和宗族结构的长期过程

修饰三：(especially among the aristocrats) ，介词短语

中文：尤其是在贵族间

修饰四：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes) ，非谓语动词

中文：在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes团体

修饰五：(which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) ，从句

中文：这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

Cleisthenes对于创造雅典民主的主要贡献是他完成了减弱家族和宗族结构(尤其是贵族家族和宗族结构)的长期的过程，并且在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes团体，这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

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托福阅读长难句：守旧派小说

In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.

(特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征)

【译句】尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰?巴思、唐纳德?巴塞尔姆和托马斯.品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯?卡罗尔?欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。

分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,

分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.

分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了 “which was”的定语从句。 分句2 是主句。

整个句子的难点在于找主句。 其实分句1的末尾是 "such as" 引导的三个人名的并列，在最后一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and", 说明这个列举对象中的最后一个。所以整个句子的主干在T P 这个人后面出现。