Lesson 44 The Backward Society落后的社会

If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the

expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could

be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in

a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are

correspondingly low.

This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private Business

enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in Business. For our

purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the

business. Such administrative overhead in a Business is analogous to the cost of government in a

nation. The administrative overhead of a Business is low to the extent that everyone working in the

Business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can

each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their

sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have

only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing,

keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and

responsible manner towards his job, then the Business will require armies of administrators,

checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative

overhead rises, so the earnings of the Business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall;

and the Business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future

progress and development.

It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a

loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to

keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the

people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people

accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

New words and expressions 生词短语

Disunited

Incur

Administrative

Analogous

Sphere

Checker

Dividend

a.分裂的

vt.承担

a.行政管理的

a.类似的

n.范围

n.检查人员

n.红利

Economic resource

Backward

Overhead

Behave

Keep sb. in line

Foreman

Civil servant

经济实力

a.落后的

a.一般费用

vi.行动

使某人协调

n.监工

文职人员

Notes on the text 课文注释

Unite ~all the people 团结所有的人民

Unify (思想)统一 Union Unification Reunion 团聚

In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.

在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间

Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.

中国人希望大陆两岸统一。

In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在 199X 年东西德统一

Incur

承担 后面跟抽象名词 (费用，成本) I have a family to support/feed.新概念

招致，导致 (不好的恶果) Pride incur failure.

BackwardForward 先进的 Backward nation Forward country

Under developed 欠发达Developing 发展中

Organ 机构 Administrator 管理者Administration

Bush administrationbush 当局(西方用人名，中国用地名)

Beijing administration MBA master of Business and administration

Sphere Hemisphere 半球Eastern hemisphere 西半球

Western hemisphere 东半球Semi-colony半殖民 Feudal society 封建社会

Semi-feudal半封建Semifinal 半决赛

Domain 域 Fieldscope 眼界

provinceHe is very provincial 他没有远见

Dividend(入股的)红利 Allowance津贴Bonus奖金

Civil marriage 不在教堂举行的婚礼

She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有条。

State 有政治概念State lawState visit 政事访问

Correspondingly; therefore so

He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.

Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.

Where 可当作 if 翻译 Where there is life, there is hope

Compare with 与….. 比较

Contrast 比较，侧重异 compare 侧重 相同 Compare to 比作

Private (Business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企

Out of Business 破产Concern with :talk about

Concern for/about 关心I concern for your health.

Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that

Exercise initiative 发挥能动性 Initiative stage 初级阶段

Within their sphere/ to their utmost 尽其最大力量

Report sth 报道 Report on 汇报

I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care. I’m reading in a careful manner.

An army (group) of

Meet expense 收支相抵

On one’s behalf For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).